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Contents:
Common Names
Parts Usually Used
Plant(s) & Culture
Where Found
Medicinal Properties
Biochemical Information Legends, Myths and Stories
Uses
Formulas or Dosages
Warning
Bibliography
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Common Names
American mandrake
Duck's foot
Ground lemon
Hog apple
Indian apple
Lang-tu (Chinese name)
Love apples
Mandragora
May apple
Racoon berry
Wild lemon
Wild mandrake
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Parts Usually Used
Root (dried tubers)
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Description of Plant(s) and Culture
A perennial woodland plant of the barberry family, with shield-shaped leaves
and a single, waxy, large white, cuplike flower 2 inches across, droops from
crotch of leaves; May to June. It has an edible, lemon-yellow, oval (egg shaped)
fruit about 2 inches long, called the "apples". These are edible when
fully ripe with a flavor reminiscent of strawberry. A popular ornamental, it
grows 12-18 inches tall. Leaves may be called umbrella-like, smooth, paired,
distinctive. The dark brown, fibrous, jointed rootstock produces a simple, round
stem which forks at the top into two petioles, each supporting a large, round,
palmately 5-9 lobed, yellowish-green leaf. Some plants, growing from different
rootstocks, are non-flowering. These have only a single leaf on an unforked
stem.
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Where Found
Found in low, shady lands, roadsides, deciduous, rich woods, fields, and clearings
in New England to Florida; Texas to Minnesota. It likes rich, moist soil and
is easily increased by division or seed. (This is not the old-world mandrake
or the European mandrake (Mandragora officinarum))
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Medicinal Properties
Antibilious, cathartic, emetic, diaphoretic (increases perspiration), cholagogue
(increases the flow of bile to the intestine), alterative, emmenagogue, resolvent,
vermifuge (expel intestinal worms), and deobstruent (relieving obstruction),
counter-irritant, hydragogue
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Biochemical Information
A neutral crystalline substance, podo-phyllotoxins, podophylloresin, and amorphous
resin, picro-podophyllin, quercetin, starch, sugar, fat and yellow coloring
matter
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Legends, Myths and Stories
May apple, or mandrake, thrives under oak trees; the shallow roots of the mandrake
feed on the soil fertilized by tannin bearing leaves fallen from the oak tree.
This herb, as a drug, seems to be a very ancient one with the Chinese, as it is mentioned in the Shennung Pentsao (28th century BC) as one of the five poisons.
At least on one occasion in the Bible, mandrake
or may apple played an important role in the story line. In Genesis, Leah and
Rachel, both wives of Jacob, were constantly vying for his favor. Rachel had
remained barren, while Leah had given many sons to Jacob. When Leah's son Reuben
found a mandrake, a reputed aphrodisiac, Rachel begged Leah to give it to her.
In exchange for the mandrake, Rachel agrees to let Leah spend the night with
Jacob. Leah promptly becomes pregnant, but later, so does Rachel. To this day,
mandrakes are called "love apples" in the Middle East and are still
supposed to be aphrodisiac.
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Uses
Excellent regulator for liver and bowels. In chronic liver diseases it has no
equal. Valuable in jaundice, bilious or intermittent fever. Good physic; is
often combined with senna leaves. It is very beneficial in uterine diseases.
It acts powerfully upon all the tissues of the body.
Native Americans and early settlers used
the roots as a strong purgative, "liver cleanser", emetic, worm expellent,
for jaundice, constipation, hepatitis, fevers, and syphilis. Resin from the
root, podophyllin (highly allergenic), used to treat venereal warts. Etoposide,
a semisynthetic derivative of this plant, is FDA-approved for testicular and
small-cell lung cancer. The Old Testament recommended mandrake as a cure for
sterility especially in women.
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Formulas or Dosages
Small doses given frequently should be used in order to prevent severe purgative
action. Steep 1 tsp. in a pint of boiling water and take 1 tsp. of this tea
at a time. Children less according to age. Take 1 capsule a day for no longer
than 1 week at a time. Should be administered under medical supervision.
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Warning
Mandrake is a potent herb; it should be taken with care. It has toxic properties
that have resulted in birth deformities and fatalities. Tiny amounts of root
or leaves are poisonous. Powdered root and resin can cause skin and eye problems.
Other herbs can give the same results and are much safer to use. Mandrake should
be used only under medical supervision. Never take during pregnancy.
